Impahla yokuSebenza yoKhuseleko e-China: Ukuqinisekisa ukuKhuselwa kunye neMigangatho yoMgangatho

Kwimeko yemizi-mveliso ekhula ngokukhawuleza yaseTshayina, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nentlalo-ntle yabasebenzi ayizange ibaluleke kakhulu. "Isinxibo soKhuseleko eTshayina: Ukuqinisekisa uKhuselo kunye neMigangatho yoMgangatho" ijonga indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa zizixhobo zokhuselo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kuwo onke amacandelo. Ukusuka kwiimathiriyeli ezivelisa izinto ezintsha ukuya kwizikhokelo zolawulo ezingqongqo, eli nqaku liphonononga indlela i-China ebeka ngayo ibhenchmark kukhuseleko lwempahla yokusebenza, ukudibanisa ukuqina nokuthotyelwa ukukhusela abo banika amandla ukukhula kwesizwe. Sijoyine njengoko sityhila inkqubela phambili kunye nemigangatho ebumba ikamva lokhuseleko emsebenzini eTshayina.

- Ukubaluleka kwempahla yokusebenza yoKhuseleko kwiiSetingi zeShishini

**- Ukubaluleka kwempahla yokusebenza yoKhuseleko kwiiSetingi zeShishini**

Isinxibo sokhuseleko sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kwindawo yemizi-mveliso apho ukuvezwa kweengozi zomzimba, iikhemikhali, kunye neengozi zokusingqongileyo kuyinyani yemihla ngemihla. Kumxholo wamacandelo amashishini akhula ngokukhawuleza e-China, imfuno yempahla yokusebenza ethembekileyo nesemgangathweni iye yabonakala ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Eli nqaku lijonga ukuba kutheni iimpahla zokusebenza zokhuseleko eTshayina zibalulekile ekukhuseleni ubomi babasebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo, nokukhuthaza inkcubeko yokhuseleko emsebenzini.

Izicwangciso zemizi-mveliso, nokuba zibandakanya ukuvelisa, ukwakhiwa, izityalo zekhemikhali, okanye imigodi, zihlala zigcwele iingozi ezifana nezinto ezibukhali, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, imingcipheko yombane, izinto eziyityhefu kunye noomatshini abanzima. Ngaphandle kwempahla yokukhusela efanelekileyo, abasebenzi basengozini kwiingozi kunye nokulimala okunokuthi kube yingozi ebomini okanye kubangele imiba yempilo yexesha elide. Izinxibo zokhuseleko zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukudala umqobo phakathi komsebenzi kunye nezi bungozi, ukunciphisa umngcipheko weziganeko. E-China, apho ukwanda kwamashishini kuzisa abasebenzi abakhula rhoqo kwiindima ezinokuba yingozi, ukubaluleka kwezixhobo ezikhuselayo akunakubaxwa.

Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili yempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko kwiimeko zoshishino kukukhusela. Oku kuquka iimpahla ezikwaziyo ukumelana namadangatye kubasebenzi abachanabeke emlilweni okanye kubushushu, iimpahla ezichasene ne-static kwabo baphatha izinto zombane ezibuthathaka okanye izinto ezinokutsha, iivesti ezibonakala kakhulu zabasebenzi abasebenza kufutshane neenqwelo-mafutha ezihambayo, kunye neesuti ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali zabasebenzi abasebenzisa izinto eziyingozi. Ukukhethwa kwezinxibo ezifanelekileyo zokusebenza ezilungiselelwe imeko yoshishino kuqinisekisa ukuba umngcipheko uyathotywa ngokufanelekileyo. E-China, abavelisi bempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko benze umgudu obalulekileyo ekudibaniseni izixhobo eziphucukileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe, obunje ngamalaphu aphefumlayo aphucula intuthuzelo ngelixa egcina ukhuseleko, nto leyo engundoqo ekomelezeni ukuthotyelwa kwabasebenzi ekunxibeni igiya rhoqo.

Ukongeza, iimpahla zokusebenza zokhuseleko e-China zithobela imigangatho yomgangatho ongqongqo kunye neziqinisekiso ezigunyaziswe ngamaqumrhu alawulayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ukuthotyelwa kwale migangatho kuqinisekisa ukuba impahla yokusebenza ibonelela ngokhuseleko oluthembekileyo kuwo wonke umjikelo wokusetyenziswa kwayo. Kwimizi-mveliso yaseTshayina ejolise ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zokhuseleko lukarhulumente wasekhaya kunye nokulindelwe kuthunyelo kumazwe ngamazwe, ukufumana impahla yokusebenza ehambelana nemigangatho evunyiweyo efana ne-GB (imigangatho yeGuobiao), ISO, kunye ne-ANSI iba yimfuneko. Oku kuzibophelela kumgangatho kuthintela iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophantsi ukuba zingene emarikeni, ngaloo ndlela kunyuswa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi nokugcina imveliso yemizi-mveliso.

Isinxibo somsebenzi sikwadlala indima yengqondo nenkcubeko kukhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso. Xa abasebenzi bexhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokhuseleko ezikumgangatho ophezulu, oko kukhuthaza ukuziva ukhuselekile kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Oku ke kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kokuziphatha kunye nemveliso. Abaqeshi baseTshayina ababeka phambili iimpahla zokusebenza zokhuseleko bathumela umyalezo ocacileyo wokuba impilo yabasebenzi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ukhuseleko olunjalo luyawanciphisa amaxabiso eengozi neendleko ezinxulumene noko, kuquka iindleko zonyango, ixesha lokuphumla, kunye neentlawulo zeinshorensi. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho obubonakalayo bempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko esemgangathweni ikhuthaza ukuqondana phakathi kwabasebenzi, ibakhuthaza ukuba balandele iindlela ezikhuselekileyo rhoqo.

Ukukhula kwemizi-mveliso okuqhubelekayo kwe-China kunye nokufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini kugxininisa ukungxamiseka kokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye notyalo-mali kwiimpahla zokusebenza zokhuseleko. Ababoneleli abaphambili elizweni bagxile ekomelezeni ukuqina, uyilo lwe-ergonomic, kunye nokusebenza okuninzi kwezixhobo zokukhusela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno eziguqukayo zamacandelo ahlukeneyo. Ngokubandakanya izinto ezinje nge-agent-wicking, iipropathi ezichasene ne-microbial, kunye nokumelana neentlobo ezininzi zeengozi, iimpahla zokhuseleko e-China zilungiselelwe ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuthuthuzelwa kwabasebenzi.

Ukuqukumbela, isinxibo sokhuseleko kwiisetingi zemizi-mveliso siyimfuneko ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kwiingozi ezininzi ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho engqongqo yobulunga. Indima ye-China njengendawo enkulu yemveliso yehlabathi ithetha ukuba ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko eqinisekisiweyo, ekumgangatho ophezulu ayibalulekanga kuphela kukhuseleko lwabasebenzi basekhaya kodwa nokuhlangabezana nolindelo lokhuseleko kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukubeka kuqala iimpahla zokusebenza zokhuseleko kunceda ukwakha iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zemizi-mveliso kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yophuhliso loshishino oluzinzileyo eTshayina.

- Isakhelo esiLawulayo esiLawula iMigangatho yesinxibo sokuSebenza eTshayina

**INkqubo-sikhokelo eLawula iMigangatho yesinxibo sokuSebenza eTshayina**

Isinxibo sokhuseleko eTshayina siphantsi kwenkqubo-sikhokelo yolawulo engqongqo neyakheke kakuhle eyilelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla ekhuselayo ihlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo kunye nokhuseleko. Njengoko amacandelo oshishino eTshayina esanda kwaye esahluka, ukubaluleka kwempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko esemgangathweni iba yeyona nto iphambili ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kwiingozi zasemsebenzini ezifana nokuba sesichengeni kwikhemikhali, ubushushu, ubungozi bombane, kunye nokwenzakala koomatshini. Imbonakalo yomhlaba elawulayo iquka imigangatho yesizwe, izikhokelo ezingqale kushishino, kunye neendlela zonyanzeliso ezilawula ngokudibeneyo ukuveliswa, umgangatho, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko kwilizwe liphela.

Kwisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo we-China yimigangatho yelizwe ekhutshwe kwaye ijongwe yi-Standardization Administration yase-China (i-SAC) kunye ne-State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS). La maqumrhu anoxanduva lokuqulunqa kunye nokunyanzelisa imigangatho enyanzelekileyo echaza uyilo, izixhobo, ukusebenza, kunye novavanyo lwempahla yokusebenza esetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinobungozi. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo phakathi kwezi yimigangatho ye-GB (Guobiao) - imigangatho yelizwe ebophelela ngokusemthethweni kwi-China yonke. Kwimpahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko, imigangatho emininzi ye-GB ichaza iimfuno zokuxhathisa umlilo, iikhemikhali, umbane, kunye nokulimala koomatshini, ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla iyayinciphisa ngokufanelekileyo imingcipheko efunyanwa ngabasebenzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo.

Enye inqanaba eliphambili, i-GB / T 29507-2013, ixhalabisa i-flame-retardant-retardant impahla yokukhusela kwaye ibeka iiparitha ezifana nokumelana nomlilo, i-thermal shrinkage, kunye nexesha emva komlilo wokuqinisekisa isambatho esikhusela abasebenzi kwiingozi zomlilo. Ngokunjalo, uthotho lwe-GB 8965 lugubungela iimpahla zokhuselo lwe-electrostatic kubasebenzi abasebenza kwindawo apho ukukhutshwa okumileyo kunokubangela uqhushumbo okanye kuphazamise izixhobo ezibuthathaka. Le migangatho ayibalulekanga kuphela ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kodwa ikwasebenza njengemilinganiselo kubavelisi ukuze bavelise izinto ezintsha kunye nokugcina umgangatho wemveliso.

Ukongeza kule migangatho yesizwe, imigaqo engqamene neshishini ngakumbi icokisa ngakumbi iimfuno zokhuseleko. Umzekelo, ulwakhiwo, ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali, imigodi, kunye necandelo lombane linemigaqo eyongezelelweyo ebonisa iingozi ezithile abajongene nazo abasebenzi kula macandelo. UMphathiswa woLawulo oluNgxamisekileyo (MEM) unxibelelanisa imigaqo yokhuseleko kwiindawo zokusebenza eziyingozi, eqinisekisa ukuba abaqeshi babonelela ngesinxibo esinesiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo sokhuseleko kubasebenzi babo. Le ndlela eqhutywa licandelo ivumela izisombululo zokhuseleko ezilungiselelweyo, ukunyusa ukufaneleka kunye nokusebenza kwempahla yokhuseleko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi.

Isakhelo solawulo sikwabandakanya neenkqubo zoqinisekiso olusisinyanzelo olufana nenkqubo yeSiqinisekiso esiSinyanzelo saseTshayina (i-CCC), esebenza njengophawu lomgangatho kunye nokuthotyelwa kokhuseleko. Bonke abavelisi kunye nababoneleli bempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko eTshayina kufuneka bafumane isatifikethi seCCC ngaphambi kokuba iimveliso zabo zingene kwimarike. Le nkqubo yoqinisekiso ibandakanya uvavanyo olungqongqo lwemveliso, ukuhlolwa kwefektri, kunye nokucupha okuqhubekayo ukugcina ukuthotyelwa. Ngokunyanzelisa uphawu lwe-CCC, amagunya alawulayo anceda ekususeni iimveliso zesinxibo zokusebenza ezingekho mgangathweni okanye zomgunyathi ezinokubeka abasebenzi emngciphekweni.

Ngaphandle kwemithetho ethe ngqo yolawulo, imithetho yezabasebenzi yaseTshayina kunye nemithetho yezempilo nokhuseleko emsebenzini ibethelela iimfuno zesinxibo sokhuseleko njengenxalenye yezibophelelo ezibanzi zokhuseleko emsebenzini. UMthetho weRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina ngoKhuseleko eMsebenzini kunye noMthetho woKhuseleko lwezaBasebenzi uchaza ukuba abaqeshi bafanele banike abasebenzi izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela (PPE), ezibandakanya iimpahla zokusebenza zokhuseleko ezithobela imigangatho emiselweyo. La malungiselelo asemthethweni axhobisa abahloli babasebenzi kumanqanaba engingqi nawengingqi ukuba benze uphicotho-zincwadi emsebenzini kwaye abeke izohlwayo kwiinkampani ezisilelayo ukuthobela imigangatho yokhuseleko yesinxibo, ngaloo ndlela kuqiniswa ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokuphendula.

Ngaphezu koko, i-landscape elawulayo e-China iya idibanisa imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kwehlabathi. Njengoko ukwenziwa kwasekhaya kwempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko kujolise ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zokuthumela kumazwe angaphandle, ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho ye-ISO efana ne-ISO 13688 (Impahla ekhuselayo - Iimfuno ngokubanzi) kuyakhuthazwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuyafuneka ukongeza kwimigangatho yaseTshayina ye-GB kunye neCCC. Olu lungelelwaniso luququzelela urhwebo oluwela imida kwaye luphucula ukhuseleko lulonke kunye nomgangatho webenchmarks zeemveliso ezibhalwe njengezinxibo zokusebenza zokhuseleko eTshayina.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinguqulelo kubuchwepheshe belaphu kunye noyilo lwezixhobo zokhuseleko ziye zakhuthaza imibutho elawulayo ukuba ihlaziye imigangatho rhoqo, ihambelane neemfuno eziguqukayo zokhuseleko kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. Ngokomzekelo, ukuqhubela phambili kwizinto ezibonakalayo eziphezulu kunye noyilo lwe-ergonomic lubandakanyiwe kwingqwalasela yolawulo, ebonisa indlela epheleleyo yokukhusela abasebenzi ehamba ngaphaya kokuxhathisa ingozi.

Ukuqukumbela, isakhelo solawulo saseTshayina esilawula isinxibo sokhuseleko sibanzi kwaye sinamacala amaninzi, sidibanisa imigangatho yesinyanzelo yesizwe, imigaqo engqamene neshishini, iimfuno zesatifikethi, kunye nemithetho yezabasebenzi ukudala umnatha wokhuseleko olomeleleyo wabasebenzi. Ukudityaniswa kweendlela zokunyanzeliswa kunye nokulungelelaniswa nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe komeleza ngakumbi ukuthembeka nokusebenza kwemarike yempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko yaseTshayina. Kubavelisi, abaqeshi, kunye nabasebenzi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda kunye nokuthobela esi sikhokelo solawulo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko, umgangatho, kunye nokhuseleko kwimbonakalo yemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina.

- Iimpawu eziphambili kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwiimpahla zokuSebenza eziKhuselayo

Kwindawo yokhuseleko lwamashishini, iimpahla zokhuseleko eTshayina zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kumacandelo awohlukeneyo. Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemizi-mveliso kunye nemigangatho engqongqo yolawulo eTshayina kukhokelele kwinkqubela phambili ebonakalayo kuyilo, izixhobo, kunye neempawu eziphambili zesinxibo esikhuselayo. Eli nqaku liphonononga iimpawu ezisisiseko kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimpahla zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo eziveliswa ngabavelisi baseTshayina, begxininisa izibonelelo zabo zokusebenza, ukuqina, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokhuseleko lwasekhaya kunye nehlabathi jikelele.

Enye yezona zinto ziphambili eziphambili zempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko e-China kukukwazi ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olubanzi ngelixa ugcina intuthuzelo yomxhasi. Imimandla yokusebenza yemizi-mveliso, efana neendawo zokwakha, iiplanti zekhemikhali, iiyunithi zokwenziwa kwemveliso, kunye nemisebenzi yezemigodi, kukho iingozi ezininzi ezibandakanya amadangatye, ukutshiza kweekhemikhali, ii-arcs zombane, iimpembelelo zoomatshini, kunye neemeko zemozulu ezimandundu. Ukujongana nale mingcipheko, abavelisi bempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko baseTshayina badibanisa iipropathi ezinemisebenzi emininzi kwimpahla, beqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bayakhuselwa kwiingozi ezithile zasemsebenzini ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukuhamba okanye ukukhululeka. Ngokomzekelo, amalaphu anganyangekiyo amadangatye aphathwa ukuba azicime xa evezwe emlilweni, enika ukhuseleko oluxabisekileyo kubasebenzi kumashishini epetrochemical kunye newelding.

Ukuphefumla kunye nokulawula ukufuma zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiimpahla zokusebenza ezikhuselayo zanamhlanje. Itekhnoloji yelaphu yaseTshayina ihambele phambili ukuvelisa amalaphu anokucima ukubila kwaye avumele ukujikeleza komoya, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lobushushu kunye nokudinwa phakathi kwabanxibi. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi xa kujongwa iimeko zemozulu ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseTshayina kunye nemo enzima ngokwasemzimbeni yemisebenzi emininzi yemizi-mveliso. Ukubandakanya iiphaneli zemesh okanye iindawo zokungenisa umoya kuyilo lwempahla yokusebenza kuphucula ngakumbi ukuhamba komoya, kuphucula kakhulu imveliso yabasebenzi ngokugcina ubushushu obutofotofo ngalo lonke ixesha lokutshintsha ixesha elide.

Ukubonakala yenye into ebalulekileyo efakwe kuyilo lwesinxibo sokhuseleko eTshayina. Imicu ebonisa ukubonakala okuphezulu eyenziwe nge-3M Scotchlite okanye izinto ezilinganayo zisemgangathweni kwiimpahla ezenzelwe abasebenzi abasebenza kufutshane netrafikhi, oomatshini abanzima, okanye kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okuphantsi. Ezi zixhobo ezibonisayo ziqinisekisa ukuba lowo uzinxibileyo ubonwa ngokulula ekude, ngaloo ndlela enciphisa iingozi zeengozi kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwesiza ngokubanzi. Ukhetho lwemibala, ngokwesiqhelo i-neon hues eqaqambileyo njengeorenji, tyheli, okanye eluhlaza, ixhasa ezi zinto zibonakalisayo ukonyusa ukubonakala emini nasebusuku.

Ngokumalunga nezixhobo, imixube yomqhaphu-polyester ilawula intengiso yokhuseleko lwempahla yokusebenza eTshayina ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezilungeleleneyo zokuqina, intuthuzelo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Umqhaphu unika ukuphefumla kunye nokuthamba, okuyimfuneko kubasebenzi abavezwe ukunxitywa ixesha elide, ngelixa ipolyester inegalelo ekomeleleni, ukuxhathisa imibimbi, kunye namaxesha okoma ngokukhawuleza. Ukufumana ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo, izinto ezifana neNomex, Kevlar, kunye ne-fiberglass zifumene izicelo ezikhulayo. I-Nomex, i-meta-aramid fiber, ixabiswa ngenxa yokumelana nomlilo okhethekileyo kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini afuna iimpahla ezichasene nomlilo. I-Kevlar inika amandla okuqina aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokusika, iyenza ilungele iiglavu zokhuselo kunye noonogada bengalo, ngelixa i-fiberglass isetyenziselwa ukugquma kunye neesuti ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu.

Amalaphu adityanisiweyo adibanisa le misonto ephucukileyo aye axhaphake kakhulu kwisinxibo sokhuseleko esiveliswa yiTshayina, njengoko edibanisa izinto eziluncedo zemathiriyeli nganye ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, iibhatyi ezilungiselelwe abasebenzi bombane zihlala zibandakanya i-outland ye-flame-retardant ye-Nomex edibeneyo kunye neengqimba zangaphakathi ezilungiselelwe ukufudumeza kunye nokuthuthuzela.

Ukongeza kwitekhnoloji yelaphu, ukusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha kunwenwela ekudityanisweni kweengubo kunye nonyango kwimpahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko. Iziqendu ezingenamanzi, iileyile ezichasene ne-static, kunye ne-laminates enganyangekiyo kwikhemikhali zihlala zifakwa kumaleko angaphandle ukunyusa ukomelela kwengubo ngokuchasene nezinto ezirhabaxa zokusingqongileyo kunye nobungozi bomsebenzi. Oku akunyusi nje ixesha elide lempahla yokusebenza kodwa kukwaphucula kakhulu ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi ngokuthintela ukuba sesichengeni kwizinto eziyingozi.

Abavelisi baseTshayina bathobela imigangatho yomibini yelizwe efana ne-GB/T 2892 (iimfuno zempahla yokhuseleko) kunye neziqinisekiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-ISO 11612 (impahla yokukhusela ukushisa kunye nomlilo) kunye ne-ANSI/ISEA 107 (impahla ekhuselekileyo yokubonakala okuphezulu). Oku kuthotyelwa kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo zaseTshayina ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ziyahlangabezana nolindelo lwehlabathi malunga nomgangatho, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusebenza.

Iingqwalasela zoyilo lwe-ergonomic nazo zihlanganiswe ngokucokisekileyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Iingqungquthela ezihlengahlengiswayo, amadolo achazwe, ukuthungwa okuqinisiweyo kwiindawo ezixinzelelekileyo, kunye nokucwangciswa kweepokotho ezininzi ziyimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kunye nokulula emsebenzini. Ezi zinto azinciphisi nje ukuguga kunye nokukrazula kodwa zongeza ukusebenziseka kwezixhobo zokukhusela, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno eziguqukayo zeendawo zokusebenza zanamhlanje.

Ukuqukumbela, isinxibo sokusebenza sokhuseleko e-China sahlulwe ngokuqwalasela okucokisekileyo kwiimpawu zokukhusela kunye nezixhobo eziphambili ezibeka phambili ukhuseleko ngaphandle kokuncama intuthuzelo. Ngophando oluqhubekayo kunye nokuthobela imithetho engqongqo yokhuseleko, abavelisi baseTshayina baye baseka igama lokuvelisa iimpahla ezithembekileyo, ezintsha, nezikumgangatho ophezulu ezibonelela ngeemfuno ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso kwihlabathi liphela.

-Utshintsho kunye nokuPhuculwa kweTekhnoloji kwiSinxibo soKhuseleko

**Utshintsho kunye nokuPhucula iTekhnoloji kwiSinxibo soKhuseleko**

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imbonakalo yomhlaba yempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko e-China iye yatshintsha kakhulu, iqhutywa ikakhulu lutshintsho oluqhubekayo kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. Njengoko ukukhula kwemizi-mveliso kusiba kukhawuleza kwaye nemithetho yokhuseleko emsebenzini iya isiba ngqongqo, abavelisi kunye nabaphuhlisi baseTshayina batyala imali eninzi kuphando nakuphuhliso lokuphucula amandla okukhusela, intuthuzelo, kunye nokuqina kwempahla yokhuseleko. Le nkqubela phambili iguqukayo ayiqinisekisi kuphela ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokhuseleko yesizwe neyamazwe ngamazwe kodwa ikwaphucula ngokubonakalayo ukhuseleko lulonke kunye nemveliso yabasebenzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo.

Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zetekhnoloji kwimpahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko eTshayina kukudityaniswa kwezixhobo eziphucukileyo kunye namalaphu akrelekrele. Izinto zemveli ezifana nomqhaphu kunye nepolyester zisasenza isiseko seempahla ezininzi zokhuseleko, kodwa ngoku zongezwa okanye zitshintshwe ngamalaphu anqamlekileyo enzelwe ukuxhathisa umlilo, ukuvezwa kweekhemikhali, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, kunye neengozi zemishini. Ngokomzekelo, iinjineli zelaphu zaseTshayina ziye zaba ngoovulindlela ekusebenziseni imicu ye-aramid efana noNomex noKevlar kwimpahla ekwaziyo ukumelana namadangatye, inika ukhuseleko olugqwesileyo kubasebenzi bezityalo zepetrochemical, izinto zombane kunye nezokuwelda. Ezi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu kwaye zigcina iimpawu zazo ezikhuselayo nasemva kokuhlanjwa izihlandlo ezininzi, ngaloo ndlela zandisa umjikelo wobomi bempahla yokhuseleko.

Ngaphaya koko, i-nanotechnology isetyenziswa ngakumbi kwimveliso yempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko e-China ukukhulisa iipropathi zelaphu kwinqanaba le-microscopic. I-Nanocoatings inokwenza amalaphu angangeni manzi, anganyangeki, kunye ne-antimicrobial ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukuphefumla okanye ukuguquguquka. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiindawo apho abasebenzi bajongana nokuvezwa kungekuphela nje kwiingozi zomzimba kodwa nakwizinto ezingcolisekileyo zebhayoloji okanye ukwakhiwa kokufuma, okunokukhokelela ekungakhululeki kunye nemingcipheko yempilo. Abavelisi baseTshayina benza izinto ezintsha ngamalaphu aphethwe yi-nano agxotha ioyile, iikhemikhali, kunye nokungcola, eqinisekisa ukuba impahla yokusebenza ihlala ikhuselekile kwaye icocekile ukuze isetyenziswe ixesha elide.

Ukunyuka kweempahla zokhuseleko ezikrelekrele kubonisa enye inguqu yenkqubela phambili kwicandelo. Ukuphendula kwimfuno yokubeka iliso ngexesha lokwenyani kunye nokhuseleko oluphuculweyo lwabasebenzi, iinkampani zaseTshayina zibandakanya itekhnoloji enxibekayo ngokuthe ngqo kwiingubo. Izinzwa ezifakwe ngaphakathi ziyakwazi ukulandelela iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ezifana nesantya sentliziyo, ubushushu bomzimba, kunye namanqanaba okudinwa, ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwamacingo kubaphathi okanye kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezempilo. Ezi zisombululo zikrelekrele zokunxiba zinceda ukuthintela iingozi zasemsebenzini ngokulumkisa abasebenzi kunye nabaphathi ngeemeko ezinobungozi zomzimba ngaphambi kokuba zibe yingozi. Ukongeza, ezinye iimpahla ezilumkileyo zibandakanya ukulandelwa kweGPS ukuze kuphuculwe ulwazi lwendawo kwiindawo ezinobungozi okanye ezikude, into ebaluleke ngakumbi kulwakhiwo, imigodi, kunye namacandelo okuvelisa anzima axhaphakileyo eTshayina.

I-Ergonomics ikwayeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo ekuyilweni kwempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko eTshayina. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kwi-software yoyilo kunye nokuveliswa kweekhompyutheni kuvumela ukudala izambatho zokhuseleko ezihambelana ngcono neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye nokunyakaza, ukunciphisa ukudinwa kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Izinto ezilungelelanisiweyo, ezikhaphukhaphu, kunye nezinwebekayo zithatha indawo yamalaphu anzima, amalaphu amakhulu, aphucula intuthuzelo yabasebenzi kakhulu ngelixa kugcinwa imigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko. Olu yilo lusembindini womntu lubonisa utshintsho olubanzi ekuqinisekiseni ukuba impahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko ayikhuseli nje kuphela kodwa iyanxitywa ixesha elongeziweyo, ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okungaguqukiyo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokhuseleko.

Ukongeza kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nokunxiba, ukudityaniswa kobuchwepheshe obuzinzileyo kuye kwaba yinto ephambili ekhulayo ekwenzeni iimpahla zokhuseleko e-China. Ngokuxhalaba kokusingqongileyo kwihlabathi liphela, abavelisi abaninzi baseTshayina bamkela iindlela zokusebenzisa i-eco-friendly, ezinjengokusebenzisa iintsinga ezisetyenzisiweyo, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemveliso, kunye nokuphumeza imigca yemveliso eyonga amandla. Olu tshintsho luhlaza alujongani neempembelelo zendalo kuphela kodwa lukwaphucula uxanduva lweshishini kunye nokhuphiswano lwemarike yehlabathi kubathengisi bempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko baseTshayina.

Ngokudityanisiweyo, ukuqhubela phambili kobuchwepheshe kwisinxibo sokhuseleko saseTshayina ngumzekelo wokuzinikela olomeleleyo kutshintsho oluhambelana neminqweno yelizwe ngokubanzi kwezoshishino. Ngokudibanisa izinto zokusebenza eziphezulu, itekhnoloji ehlakaniphile, uyilo lwe-ergonomic, kunye nezenzo ezizinzileyo, ishishini libeka ibhenchmarks entsha ekukhuselweni kwabasebenzi, intuthuzelo, kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo. Le ndlela inamabakala amaninzi iqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zokhuseleko e-China azihlangani nje kuphela kodwa zihlala zigqitha iimfuno ezingqongqo zeshishini langoku kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho wehlabathi.

- Imiceli mngeni kunye nezikhokelo zexesha elizayo zoQinisekiso loMgangatho kuShishino lwesinxibo saseTshayina

Ishishini lempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko e-China libone ukukhula okubonakalayo kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, iqhutywa kushishino olukhawulezayo lwelizwe kunye noxinzelelo olwandayo kukhuseleko emsebenzini. Ukuqinisekisa imigangatho ephezulu kwimpahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko ibe yinkxalabo ebalulekileyo, njengoko ezi mveliso zisebenza njengomgca wokuqala wokukhusela izigidi zabasebenzi kwiindawo ezinobungozi. Ngaphandle kokuqhubela phambili, icandelo lisajongene nemingeni emininzi ethintela inkqubela kuqinisekiso lomgangatho, kwaye ukulungisa le miba kubalulekile kuphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko eTshayina.

Omnye wemingeni ephambili kuqinisekiso lomgangatho kukungangqinelani kwemigangatho yokwenziwa kwemveliso kubavelisi abohlukeneyo. Indawo enkulu neyohlukeneyo yokuvelisa yaseTshayina ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini, ukusuka kubavelisi abakhulu ukuya kwiindibano zocweyo ezincinci. Ngelixa ezinye iinkampani zamkele iziqinisekiso zokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemithetho engqongqo yolawulo lomgangatho, ezinye zisebenza ngongamela olungephi, nto leyo ekhokelela kukwahluka okubonakalayo kumgangatho wemveliso. Lo mahluko ujongela phantsi ukuthembeka kwempahla yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo, enokuthi ibeke abasebenzi emngciphekweni ovela kwizinto ezivavanywa ngokungafanelekanga okanye ezingekho mgangathweni.

Omnye umba ongxamisekileyo kukunqongophala kwemigangatho yesizwe emanyeneyo elungiselelwe ngokukodwa ishishini lempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko. Nangona iTshayina inemigaqo ekhoyo elawula izixhobo zokukhusela emsebenzini, le migangatho ihlala isemva kwebenchmarks zamazwe ngamazwe ngokomda kunye nokunyanzeliswa. Ukungabikho kwemigangatho ebanzi, ehlaziyiweyo, kunye nenyanzeliswa ngokungqongqo kuthintela isakhono soshishino sokuvelisa ngokuqhubekayo iimpahla ezihlangabezana neemfuno zokhuseleko eziguqukayo. Umzekelo, ubungozi obuvelayo obunxulumene neekhemikhali ezintsha, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, okanye iinkqubo zokwenziwa eziphambili zifuna uphuculo oluhambelanayo kubuchwepheshe belaphu kunye noyilo lwempahla, leyo imigangatho yangoku enokungaquki ngokupheleleyo.

Ukwenziwa komgunyathi kunye nobukho beemveliso zomgunyathi ezikumgangatho ophantsi kunika imiqobo eyongezelelweyo. Imfuno yempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko efikelelekayo idityaniswe nokunganyanzelisi ngokwaneleyo kolawulo kukhokelele ekusasazweni kweemveliso zomgunyathi nezikumgangatho ophantsi kwimarike. Ezi mpahla zidla ngokusilela ukunika ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, nto leyo ebangela iingozi ezinkulu kubasebenzi. Ukungeniswa kweemveliso zomgunyathi nako konakalisa isidima sabavelisi abasemthethweni abatyala imali kuqinisekiso lomgangatho, nto leyo echaphazela ukuthenjwa kweemarike.

Izikhewu zezakhono zabasebenzi kwicandelo lezemveliso nazo ziphazamisa iinzame zokuqinisekisa umgangatho. Ukuvelisa iimpahla zokhuseleko ezikumgangatho ophezulu kufuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwisayensi yelaphu, ubunjineli bempahla, kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko lwamashishini. Nangona kunjalo, abavelisi abaninzi, ngakumbi abancinci, abanakufikelela kuqeqesho oluphezulu lobuchwephesha kunye nobuchule, benciphisa amandla abo okuvelisa izinto ezintsha okanye ukugcina iinkqubo ezingqongqo zolawulo lomgangatho. Ukudityaniswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha obufana namalaphu akrelekrele kunye nezivamvo ezinxitywayo, ezinesithembiso sokwandisa amanqanaba okhuseleko, ngakumbi kufuna iiseti zezakhono eziphuculweyo ezinqongopheleyo ngoku.

Ukujonga phambili, ukuqinisa isiqinisekiso somgangatho kushishino lwempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko lwaseTshayina kufuna indlela eneenkalo ezininzi. Okokuqala nokuphambili, urhulumente kunye namaqumrhu oshishino kufuneka asebenzisane ukuze aphuhlise kwaye anyanzelise imigangatho yesizwe ebanzi nehlaziyiweyo ehambelanayo okanye yogqitha imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe. Le migangatho kufuneka ihlaziywe rhoqo ukuze ibandakanye ukuqhubela phambili kwisayensi yezinto, uyilo lwe-ergonomic, kunye nokuchongwa kwengozi yomsebenzi.

Ukongeza, ukuphucula ulongamelo olusemthethweni kunye nokuseka iinkqubo zesiqinisekiso esomelele ngakumbi kuya kunceda ukuthintela ukungena kweemveliso zomgunyathi. Ukuphumeza iinkqubo zokulandela umkhondo kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji yedijithali efana ne-blockchain inokunyusa ukungafihli kumakhonkco obonelelo, iqinisekisa ukuba impahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko ihlangabezana nemilinganiselo eqinisekisiweyo yomgangatho ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya ekusasazweni.

Utyalo-mali kuphuhliso lwabasebenzi lubalulekile ngokulinganayo. Ukuseka iinkqubo zoqeqesho olukhethekileyo kunye namaziko obugcisa azinikele ekuveliseni iimpahla zokusebenza zokhuseleko kunokuvala umsantsa okhoyo wolwazi. Ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwabavelisi, amaziko ophando, kunye neeyunivesithi kuya kuququzelela ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kobuchwepheshe obutsha, ukukhuthaza inkcubeko yokuphucula okuqhubekayo ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho.

Ngaphezu koko, ugxininiso olukhulu kuphando nakuphuhliso luya kuqhuba ukuqhubela phambili kwexesha elizayo. Njengoko imeko yomsebenzi iguquka, itekhnoloji yelaphu ekwaziyo ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lwemisebenzi emininzi-njengokumelana nedangatye kudityaniswe neempawu zokuthintela imichiza-ziya kubaluleka ngakumbi. Ukuphuhliswa kwezinxibo zokhuseleko ezikrelekrele ezixhotyiswe ngezivamvo zokubeka iliso kwingozi yokusingqongileyo okanye impilo yabasebenzi iya kumela intsingiselo ejonge phambili, enokuthi iguqule imigangatho yokhuseleko.

Okokugqibela, ukuphakamisa ulwazi phakathi kwabasebenzisi bokugqibela malunga nokubaluleka kwesiqinisekiso, isinxibo sokhuseleko esikumgangatho ophezulu kubalulekile. Ukufundisa iinkampani kunye nabasebenzi malunga nemingcipheko eyayanyaniswa neemveliso ezingekho mgangathweni kunye nokukhuthaza imfuno yempahla eqinisekisiweyo yokhuseleko kuya kukhuthaza abavelisi ukuba babeke phambili uqinisekiso lomgangatho.

Ukuqukumbela, umceli mngeni wokuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho othembekileyo kwimakethi yempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko yaseTshayina intsonkothile kodwa iya koyiswa. Ngokujongana nezikhewu ezilawulayo, ukulwa neempahla zomgunyathi, ukuphucula izakhono zobugcisa, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha, i-China inokuqhubeka iphakamisa imboni yempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko, ukubonelela abasebenzi ngokhuseleko oluthembekileyo kunye negalelo kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo zoshishino kwilizwe lonke.

Ukuqukumbela

Ngokuqinisekileyo! Nanku umhlathi oqukumbelayo oqukumbelayo wenqaku lakho elinesihloko esithi “Isinxibo soKhuseleko sokuSebenza eTshayina: Ukuqinisekisa uKhuselo kunye neMigangatho yoMgangatho,” ebandakanya iimbono ezicetyiswayo:

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Ukuqukumbela, njengoko i-China iqhubeka nokuqhubela phambili amacandelo amashishini, ukubaluleka kwempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko ayinakugqithiswa. Ukuqinisekisa imigangatho yomgangatho ongqongqo akukhuseli kuphela abasebenzi kwiingozi ezinokubakho kodwa ikwakhuthaza inkcubeko yokhuseleko enceda abasebenzi nabaqeshi ngokufanayo. Ngokudibanisa imathiriyeli entsha, ukubambelela kwiinkqubo zoqinisekiso olungqongqo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukwenziwa okuzinzileyo kwemveliso, ishishini laseTshayina lempahla yokusebenza yokhuseleko libeka ibhenchmark yokuthembeka kunye nokuqina. Ekugqibeleni, ukutyala imali kwizixhobo zokhuseleko ezikumgangatho ophezulu linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abasebenzi, ukukhulisa imveliso, kunye nokuxhasa ukuzibophelela kwesizwe ekugqweseni kokhuseleko emsebenzini.