Ngaba uyazazi iingozi ezinokubakho zokuvezwa kwemichiza kwindawo osebenza kuyo? Kwinqaku lethu lamva nje, singena kwindima ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zokukhusela, ngakumbi iimpahla ezixhathisa iikhemikhali, ekukhuseleni impilo yakho kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Phonononga ukubaluleka kwempahla ekhuselayo efanelekileyo ekunciphiseni umngcipheko kunye nokuqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo. Qhubeka ufunde ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokuba kutheni ukutyala imali kwizixhobo zokhuseleko ezikumgangatho ophezulu kubalulekile kukhuseleko lwakho lonke.
Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali ibalulekile ekukhuseleni abantu kwiingozi ezinokubakho zokuvezwa yimichiza. Olu hlobo lwezixhobo zokukhusela zenzelwe ukukhusela umntu ozinxibileyo kwizinto ezinobungozi ezinokubangela ukucaphuka kwesikhumba, ukutshisa, kunye neminye imiba yezempilo enzulu. Ukuqonda imingcipheko enxulumene nokuvezwa kweekhemikhali kungundoqo ekugxininiseni ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela ezifana nempahla ekwazi ukumelana neekhemikhali.
Imichiza ikhona kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini, ukusuka kwimveliso kunye nezolimo ukuya kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nophando. Abasebenzi kula macandelo badla ngokuchanabeka kwizinto eziyingozi ezinokuba nemiphumo eyingozi kwimpilo yabo ukuba abathanga bathathwe amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo. Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali isebenza njengomqobo phakathi kwalowo uyinxibileyo kunye neekhemikhali eziyingozi, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa kunye nokukhusela ulusu kwingozi enokwenzeka.
Enye yeengozi eziphambili zokuvezwa kweekhemikhali kukucaphukisa ulusu. Imichiza emininzi inokubangela ukucaphuka, ububomvu, nokurhawuzelelwa xa idibana nolusu. Ukubonakaliswa kwexesha elide okanye okuphindaphindiweyo kwezi zinto kunokukhokelela kwiimeko ezinzulu zolusu ezifana ne-dermatitis okanye ukutshiswa kweekhemikhali. Impahla echasene neekhemikhali inika uluhlu olongezelelweyo lokukhusela ukukhusela ukudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo nala ma-irritants, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokulimala kwesikhumba.
Enye ingozi ebalulekileyo yokuvezwa kweekhemikhali yingozi yokufunxa eluswini. Ezinye iikhemikhali zinokungena eluswini kwaye zingene egazini, ezikhokelela kwiziphumo zenkqubo emzimbeni. Oku kunokubangela uluhlu olubanzi lwemiba yezempilo, kubandakanywa umonakalo womzimba, iingxaki ze-neurological, kunye nomhlaza. Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali inceda ukunqanda ukufunxa ngokudala umqobo womzimba othintela imichiza ukuba ingadibani nolusu.
Ukongeza kokucaphuka kwesikhumba kunye nokufunxa, ukuvezwa kweekhemikhali kunokubeka umngcipheko kwinkqubo yokuphefumula. Iikhemikhali ezininzi zinokuphefumlelwa ngomsi okanye umphunga, obangela ukucaphuka kwimiphunga kunye nakwindlela yokuphefumla. Ukungakhuseleki ixesha elide kwezi zinto kunokukhokelela kwiimeko zokuphefumla ezifana ne-asthma okanye i-bronchitis. Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali inokubandakanya ukhuseleko lokuphefumla, olufana nemaski okanye iziphefumli, ukukhusela ngakumbi ekuphefumlweni kweekhemikhali eziyingozi.
Ngokubanzi, iimpahla ezixhathisa iikhemikhali zibalulekile ekukhuseleni abantu kwiingozi zokuvezwa kweekhemikhali. Ngokuqonda imingcipheko enxulumene nokusebenza ngezinto eziyingozi, abantu banokuthatha amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukukhusela impilo kunye nokuphila kwabo. Utyalo-mali kwimpahla ekumgangatho ophezulu yokuxhathisa iikhemikhali linyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwiindawo apho ukuvezwa kweekhemikhali kuyingozi. Khumbula, uthintelo luhlala lungcono kunonyango xa kuziwa ekukhuseleni kwiingozi ezinokubakho zokuvezwa kwemichiza.
Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zokukhusela abantu abasebenza ngezinto eziyingozi okanye kwindawo apho ukuchanabeka kwimichiza kuyingozi. Ukukhetha iimpahla ezifanelekileyo zokuxhathisa iikhemikhali kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuphila kakuhle kwabasebenzi kwezi ndawo. Eli nqaku liza kuxubusha ngokubaluleka kwempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali, izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha isinxibo esifanelekileyo, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo emarikeni.
Yintoni impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali? Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali ilungiselelwe ukubonelela ngokhuseleko ekuvezweni kwimichiza eyingozi kunye nezinto. Yenziwe kwizinto ezenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuthintela ukungena ngolwelo okanye iigesi, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa umngcipheko wokunxibelelana kwesikhumba kunye nokufunxa izinto eziyingozi. Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali ibandakanya iingubo zokugquma, iibhatyi, iifaskoti, iiglavu, kunye neebhutsi, zonke ezo ziyilelwe ukubonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okhuseleko ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye noxinzelelo lweekhemikhali eziphathwayo.
Ukubaluleka kwempahla echasene neekhemikhali ayinakugqithiswa. Ukuchanabeka kwiikhemikhali eziyingozi kunokukhokelela kwingozi enkulu yempilo, kuquka ukutshiswa kwemichiza, ukucaphuka kolusu, iingxaki zokuphefumla, kwaneziphumo zempilo ezihlala ixesha elide ezinjengomhlaza. Ngokunxiba iimpahla ezifanelekileyo ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali, abasebenzi banokuwunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba sesichengeni kwaye banciphise ukwenzakala okanye ukugula.
Xa ukhetha impahla enganyangekiyo ngamachiza, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ingqwalasela yokuqala luhlobo lweekhemikhali ezisetyenziswayo okanye ezidibana nazo kwindawo yokusebenza. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zibonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okhuseleko kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukukhetha iimpahla ezenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuxhathisa izinto oza kusebenza nazo.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe linqanaba lokhuseleko olufunekayo. Impahla echasene neekhemikhali ilinganiswe ngokusekelwe kumandla ayo okumelana nokungenwa kweekhemikhali, kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ebonisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okhuseleko. Kubalulekile ukukhetha impahla enomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kwiingozi ezithile ojongene nazo kwindawo osebenza kuyo.
Ukuthuthuzela kunye nokufaneleka zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokuqwalaselwa xa ukhetha iimpahla ezichasene neekhemikhali. Abasebenzi kufuneka bakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo nangokukhululekileyo ngelixa benxibe izixhobo zokukhusela ukuqinisekisa ukuba bangayenza imisebenzi yabo ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo. Ukongezelela, ukulungelelaniswa okufanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphezulu kwaye azithinteli ukunyakaza okanye ukuphazamisa ukhuseleko.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo xa kuziwa kwiimpahla ezichasene neekhemikhali, kubandakanywa neengubo ezilahlayo kunye nezisebenzisekayo ezenziwe kwizinto ezifana neoprene, i-PVC, i-rubber kunye neTyvek. Isixhobo ngasinye sibonelela ngeenzuzo ezizodwa kunye nezithintelo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuphanda kwaye uthelekise iinketho ezahlukeneyo ukuze ubone ukuba yeyiphi eyona ilungele iimfuno zakho.
Ukuqukumbela, ukukhetha iimpahla ezifanelekileyo zokuxhathisa iikhemikhali kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko kunye nentlalontle yabasebenzi abajongene neekhemikhali ezinobungozi. Ngokuqwalasela izinto ezinjengodidi lwemichiza esetyenziswayo, inqanaba lokhuseleko olufunekayo, ukuthuthuzeleka kunye nokufaneleka, kunye nokhetho olwahlukahlukeneyo olukhoyo emarikeni, abantu ngabanye banokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kulwazi ukuze bazikhusele kwiingozi ezinxulumene nokuvezwa kwemichiza. Khumbula, xa kuziwa kukhuseleko lwekhemikhali, ukuthintela kuhlala kungcono kunokunyanga.
Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali ibalulekile ekukhuseleni abantu kwizinto eziyingozi nakwizinto eziyingozi. Ukuze usebenzise ngokufanelekileyo le mpahla yokukhusela, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokulondoloza.
Okokuqala nokuphambili, kubalulekile ukuhlola ngokufanelekileyo iimpahla ezixhathisa iikhemikhali ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa ngakunye. Oku kubandakanya ukujonga naziphi na iinyembezi, imingxuma, okanye omnye umonakalo onokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza kwegiya. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla ilingana nobukhulu obufanelekileyo kwaye imfanela ngokufanelekileyo umntu oyinxibileyo. Izixhobo zokungasebenzi kakuhle zinokuthintela ukuhamba kwaye zinokubeka umntu ozinxibileyo kwimichiza eyingozi.
Xa unxibe iimpahla ezixhathisa iikhemikhali, kubalulekile ukulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokunxiba kunye nokukhulula izixhobo. Oku kunokuquka ukunxiba iiglavu, iiglavu, kunye nesixhobo sokuphefumla ukunika ukhuseleko lomzimba wonke. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izivulo kunye nemithungo yempahla ivalwe ngokufanelekileyo ukukhusela nayiphi na imichiza ukuba ingene.
Xa kwenzeka ukuchithwa kweekhemikhali okanye ukuvezwa, kubalulekile ukususa ngokukhawuleza iingubo ezingcolileyo kwaye uhlambe indawo echaphazelekayo ngesepha namanzi. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukufuna unyango xa kuyimfuneko kwaye ulahle ngokufanelekileyo iimpahla ezingcolileyo.
Ukugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kwempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali nako kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ihlala ixesha elide kwaye isebenza kakuhle. Emva kokusetyenziswa ngalunye, i-gear kufuneka ihlambuluke ngokufanelekileyo kwaye yomiswe ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi. Kubalulekile ukugcina impahla kwindawo epholileyo neyomileyo kude nelanga elithe ngqo kunye neekhemikhali ukukhusela umonakalo.
Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kufuneka kuqhutywe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo sisekwimeko efanelekileyo kwaye akukho monakalo. Naziphi na iimpahla ezonakeleyo okanye ezigugileyo kufuneka zitshintshwe ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluqhubekayo.
Ukuqukumbela, isinxibo esikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abantu ekuchanabekeni kwimichiza eyingozi nakwizinto eziyingozi. Ngokuqonda ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwesi sixhobo sokukhusela, abantu ngabanye banokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabo kwiindawo ezinokuba yingozi. Ukuhlolwa ngendlela eyiyo, ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nokugcinwa rhoqo zizinto ezingundoqo ekwandiseni ukusebenza kakuhle kwempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabo bazinxibileyo.
Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na indawo yokusebenza ejongene nezinto eziyingozi. Ukusuka kwiilabhoratri ukuya kwizityalo zokuvelisa, abasebenzi bahlala bevezwa kuluhlu olubanzi lweekhemikhali ezinokubeka umngcipheko omkhulu wezempilo ukuba aziphathwa kakuhle. Kulapho kungena khona uqeqesho kunye nokufundiswa ngokhuseleko lwekhemikhali, njengoko ziyimiba ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo zokhuselo ezifana nempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali.
Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali yenzelwe ukukhusela lowo uyinxibileyo ekuchanabekeni kwimichiza eyingozi nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Ezi zambatho zenziwe kwizinto ezingenakuthintelwa kwiikhemikhali ezithile, zibonelela ngomqobo phakathi kwesikhumba kunye nezinto ezinobungozi. Ngokunxiba impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali, abasebenzi banokuwunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokuba sesichengeni sezinto eziyingozi kwaye banciphise ukurhawuzelelwa lulusu, ukutsha, okanye imiba enzulu yezempilo.
Uqeqesho nokufundiswa ngokhuseleko lweekhemikhali zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abasebenzi bayakuqonda ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa nokugcina impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali. Oku kuquka ukubonelela ngemiyalelo ecokisekileyo malunga nendlela yokunxiba kunye nokukhulula ngokufanelekileyo izixhobo zokukhusela, kunye nendlela yokuhlola kunye nokunyamekela ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo. Ukongeza, abasebenzi bafanele baqeqeshwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali ezikhoyo naxa uhlobo ngalunye lufanele lusetyenziswe ngokusekelwe kwiingozi ezithile zeekhemikhali ezikhoyo kwindawo abasebenza kuyo.
Ngaphezu koko, uqeqesho kunye nemfundo ngokhuseleko lweekhemikhali kufuneka kwakhona lubandakanye ulwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezinye iindlela zezixhobo zokuzikhusela (personal protective equipment (PPE)) ngokubambisana nempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali. Oku kunokubandakanya iiglavu, iimaski, iiglasi, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezibonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo ngokuchasene nokuvezwa kwemichiza. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa kakuhle kunye nokudibanisa ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zePPE kubalulekile ekwandiseni ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nokuphatha izinto eziyingozi.
Ukongeza kuqeqesho malunga nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo zokukhusela, ukufundisa ngokhuseleko lweekhemikhali kufuneka kwakhona kugxininise kwiingozi zempilo ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nokuba sesichengeni kwiikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. Abasebenzi kufuneka baxelelwe ngeziphumo zempilo ezinokuthi zibekho xa bechatshazelwa kwizinto eziyingozi, kunye neempawu zokuvezwa kunye nendlela yokusabela kwimeko kaxakeka. Ngokuqonda imingcipheko enxulumene nendawo abasebenza kuyo, abasebenzi banokuzikhusela ngcono bona kunye noogxa babo ekwenzakaleni.
Lilonke, uqeqesho kunye nemfundo ngokhuseleko lweekhemikhali zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo zokukhusela ezifana nempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali. Ngokubonelela abasebenzi ngolwazi kunye nezakhono abazidingayo ukuze basebenzise ngokufanelekileyo kwaye bagcine izixhobo zabo zokukhusela, abaqeshi banokunceda ukudala indawo ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokulimala kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nokuvezwa kweekhemikhali. Ekugqibeleni, utyalo-mali ekuqeqesheni nasekufundiseni ukhuseleko lweekhemikhali linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni impilo kunye nenhlalakahle yabasebenzi kumashishini apho ukuvezwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kuyinyani yemihla ngemihla.
Izixhobo zoKhuseleko: Ukubaluleka kweMpahla eNganyangekiyo kwiMichiza-Indima yeMithetho ye-OSHA ekuQinisekiseni uKhuseleko lwaBasebenzi.
Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kwiikhemikhali eziyingozi nakwizinto ezikwindawo yokusebenza. Kumashishini afana nelemizi-mveliso, elokwakha, elonyango kunye nezolimo, abasebenzi basoloko bechanabeke kwimichiza eyahlukahlukeneyo enokuba yingozi enkulu empilweni ukuba ayiphathwa kakuhle. Imimiselo ye-OSHA, echazwe yi-Occupational Safety and Health Administration, ibekwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba abaqeshi banikezela indawo ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza kubasebenzi babo, kubandakanywa izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokukhusela ezifana neempahla ezichasene neekhemikhali.
Impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali yenzelwe ukukhusela abasebenzi ekubeni bangakhuseleki kwiikhemikhali ngokudibana ngokuthe ngqo nolusu okanye ukuphefumla. Olu hlobo lwezixhobo zokukhusela ngokuqhelekileyo lwenziwa kwizinto ezingenakungena kwiikhemikhali, ezifana ne-neoprene, i-polyethylene, kunye ne-PVC. Ezi zixhobo zixhathisa kuluhlu olubanzi lweekhemikhali, kubandakanywa i-asidi, izinyibilikisi, kunye ne-caustic substances, ezenza zibe yimfuneko kubasebenzi abaphatha okanye abadibana nezinto ezinjalo rhoqo.
Imimiselo ye-OSHA igunyazisa ukuba abaqeshi bavavanye indawo yokusebenza kwiingozi zekhemikhali ezinokubakho kwaye babonelele ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela abasebenzi ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Oku kubandakanya ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bayafikelela kwimpahla efanelekileyo yokuxhathisa imichiza yeekhemikhali ezithile abachanabeke kuzo. Abaqeshi bakwafuneka ukuba baqeqeshe abasebenzi ngendlela efanelekileyo kunye nokugcina izixhobo zabo zokukhusela, kunye nendlela yokuqaphela iimpawu zokuvezwa kweekhemikhali kwaye baphendule ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukongezelela ekukhuseleni abasebenzi, iimpahla ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemichiza nazo zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni iingozi nokwenzakala emsebenzini. Ukuvezwa kweekhemikhali ezinobungozi kunokukhokelela kuluhlu lwemiba yezempilo, kubandakanya ukucaphuka kwesikhumba, ukutshisa kweekhemikhali, iingxaki zokuphefumla, kunye neziphumo zempilo zexesha elide ezinjengomhlaza. Ngokunxiba izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela, abasebenzi banokuwunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwaye banciphise ukubakho kweziphumo ezimandundu zempilo.
Abaqeshi abangaphumeleliyo ukuthobela imimiselo ye-OSHA malunga nokusetyenziswa kwempahla echasene neekhemikhali banokujamelana neentlawulo kunye nezohlwayo zokubeka engozini ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi babo. Kubalulekile ukuba abaqeshi balubeke ngokubaluleka ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kwaye baqinisekise ukuba onke amanyathelo okhuseleko ayimfuneko ayathathwa ukuthintela ukuba sesichengeni kweekhemikhali kunye nokwenzakala okunxulumene noko. Ngokulandela izikhokelo ze-OSHA kunye nokubonelela ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela, abaqeshi banokudala indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo nenempilo kubasebenzi babo.
Ukuqukumbela, impahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko lwasemsebenzini, ingakumbi kumashishini apho abasebenzi basesichengeni kwiikhemikhali eziyingozi. Ngokulandela imimiselo ye-OSHA kunye nokubonelela ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko zokukhusela, abaqeshi banokukhusela abasebenzi babo ekuvezweni kweekhemikhali kunye nokuqinisekisa impilo yabo yonke. Ukwenza utyalo-mali kwimpahla ekumgangatho ophezulu ekwazi ukumelana neekhemikhali ayiyomfuneko yomthetho kuphela kodwa ikwalinyathelo elibalulekileyo lokudala indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo nekhuselekileyo kubo bonke abasebenzi.
Ukuqukumbela, ukubaluleka kwempahla ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali akunakujongelwa phantsi xa kufikelelwa ekuzikhuseleni kwizinto ezinokuba yingozi. Nokuba usebenza elabhoratri, uphatha imichiza kwimizi-mveliso, okanye usebenza nje ngeemveliso zokucoca indlu, ukuba nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela kubalulekile. Ukutyalomali kwimpahla ekumgangatho ophezulu ekwazi ukumelana neekhemikhali akunakukhusela kuphela impilo yakho kunye nokuphila kakuhle, kodwa kwakhona kuqinisekisa ukuba unokuwenza umsebenzi wakho ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo. Khumbula, xa kuziwa ekusebenzeni ngemichiza, kusoloko kungcono ukukhuseleka kunokuzisola. Ke, qiniseka ukubeka phambili ukhuseleko lwakho ngokunxiba izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko ngamaxesha onke.